SAT 리딩 기출 유형 4 - Text Structure and Purpose - SAT·SSAT 기출 문제 핵심 노트

찰스 온라인 클리닉
SAT 리딩 기출 유형 Text Structure & Purpose 문제 세트입니다.
상위권 대비용 구조·목적 파악 훈련 자료로, 글의 전체 흐름과 특정 문장·단락이 하는 역할을 분석하는 연습에 집중하세요.
문장 기능 파악 → 단락 관계 확인 → 글 전체 목적 요약 순서로 접근하면 정답률을 높일 수 있습니다.

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Table of Contents

SAT 리딩 기출 유형 — Text Structure & Purpose (상위권)

In 2022, space scientists Anna-Lisa Paul, Stephen Elardo, and Robert Ferl planted seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana in samples of lunar regolith—the dusty surface material collected from Apollo missions—and, for comparison, in terrestrial volcanic soil. Although all seeds germinated, plants in regolith displayed smaller leaves, red pigmentation, and stunted roots, indicating stress responses. Molecular analysis later confirmed that stress-related genes were highly activated in regolith-grown plants. These findings suggest that while lunar regolith can support germination, its chemical properties present long-term challenges to growth.

1) Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To describe a study showing how lunar regolith affects plant development compared with terrestrial soil.
B. To argue that plant growth on the Moon is impossible due to regolith toxicity.
C. To compare two unrelated experiments involving soil chemistry.
D. To evaluate different methods of measuring plant pigmentation in extraterrestrial environments.

Psychologists have debated for decades whether bilingualism affects cognitive flexibility and executive control. Some studies claimed cognitive advantages, while others reported no measurable effect. The inconsistency often stemmed from differing definitions of what it means to be bilingual and from varied testing measures. Recently, linguist Minna Lehtonen and colleagues proposed a framework that evaluates not only language proficiency but also frequency of switching contexts between languages. They emphasized, however, that additional empirical data is required before the framework can be fully validated.

2) What is the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It acknowledges a limitation of the newly proposed framework.
B. It contrasts the framework with earlier theories of bilingualism.
C. It evaluates the strengths of cognitive testing methods in previous studies.
D. It explains why researchers abandoned earlier definitions of bilingualism.

Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968), an Indian economist and sociologist, criticized the Eurocentric methods that dominated early twentieth-century social sciences. Western scholars often assumed that social life could be reduced to individual competition, but Mukerjee argued this framework was unsuited for Indian society. Instead, he emphasized ecological and cultural contexts, proposing the “Indian village” as a model for building social and economic policy. This approach encouraged policymakers to recognize cooperation and interdependence as central to community life, rather than rivalry alone.

3) Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It explains Mukerjee’s critique of Western frameworks and then gives an example of his proposed alternative.
B. It recounts Mukerjee’s academic training and lists the policies he implemented.
C. It contrasts two Indian economists’ different models of social policy.
D. It traces the influence of Mukerjee’s theories on later sociologists.

In Herman Melville’s 1857 novel The Confidence-Man, an American scholar visiting London observed a flamboyant man at a party, adorned with a bright ribbon and full of witty banter. The scholar inwardly dismissed him as shallow. Later, however, the scholar was astonished to discover that the man was none other than Sir Humphry Davy, a renowned chemist and intellectual. This revelation forced the observer to reconsider his hasty judgment about appearances and intellect.

4) What is the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It provides the surprising information that overturns the observer’s initial assumptions.
B. It introduces background context for why the observer disliked Davy.
C. It critiques the social norms of nineteenth-century London parties.
D. It explains why the scholar initially admired Davy.

Claude Shannon, often called the father of information theory, published his groundbreaking paper “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1948 while working at Bell Labs. In it, he introduced the concept of the “bit,” or binary digit, as the fundamental unit of information. This innovation allowed scientists and engineers to measure the efficiency of communication systems and to calculate the maximum rate at which messages could be transmitted reliably. Colleagues later remarked that Shannon’s work laid the foundation for the digital revolution, influencing everything from computer science to telecommunications.

5) Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It introduces Shannon, explains his central concept, and highlights its historical significance.
B. It summarizes Shannon’s biography and contrasts his work with that of his peers.
C. It describes how Bell Labs developed early telecommunications hardware.
D. It lists applications of information theory without explaining its origin.

SAT 리딩 기출 유형 Text Structure & Purpose 정답 확인

SAT 리딩 기출 유형 — Text Structure & Purpose(구조 · 목적) 문제 푸는 방법

1. 문장/단락의 ‘역할’을 먼저 규정하세요

선지는 보통 “introduces / contrasts / provides evidence / qualifies / emphasizes” 같은 기능어로 구성됩니다.
루틴: (i) 밑줄 친 부분을 표시 → (ii) 앞뒤 맥락 확인 → (iii) 글 전체에서 그 문장이 하는 일을 요약.

2. 글 전체 목적(Main Purpose) 찾기

글은 대체로 한 문단(짧게) → 연구/이론/일화 소개 → 의미/시사점 제시 구조입니다.
정답 유형: “To describe a study… / To present an example… / To explain a concept… / To contrast two views…”

3. 강도(Strength) 조절

Text Structure & Purpose 정답은 대체로 중립적·보수적 표현을 씁니다.
“prove, always, entirely, solely” 같은 단정적 표현은 함정일 가능성이 큽니다.

4. 범위(Scope)와 대상(Target) 맞추기

문제가 특정 인물·연구·작품을 다루면, 정답도 반드시 그 범위 내에 있어야 합니다.
작은 사례 → 큰 일반화, 한 시기 → 모든 시대 확장은 오답.

5. Function 문제: 앞·뒤와 비교

밑줄 문장이 앞의 주장/배경을 지원/대조/한정/예시하는지 확인하세요.
예: 앞에 “새 이론 제시” → 밑줄: “그러나 한계 지적” → 기능 = qualifies/acknowledges limitation.

📌 SAT 리딩 기출 Text Structure & Purpose 핵심 전략

Function 문제: 밑줄 친 문장이 (i) introduces, (ii) contrasts, (iii) gives example, (iv) qualifies 중 어느 역할인지 결정.
Main Purpose 문제: 글 전체 목적은 “to describe / to explain / to analyze / to present evidence” 같은 중립적 요약.
단락 구조: 시작 = 주제 소개, 중간 = 증거/사례, 끝 = 시사점 → 구조를 기억하면 선택지 제거가 쉬워집니다.
보수적 선택: 지문에 딱 들어맞는 최소한의 설명을 택하세요. 확대 해석 금지.

SAT 리딩 기출 상위권 — Text Structure & Purpose 정밀 독해 체크리스트

신호어: however, for example, in contrast, thus → 기능 단서.
문장/단락 관계: 앞 주장 ↔ 뒷 증거? / 앞 사례 ↔ 뒷 일반화?
저자 의도: 설명인지, 주장인지, 비판인지 톤을 파악하세요.
Function 문제: 선지에 “acknowledges limitation / introduces context / contrasts views” 등 세부 기능 키워드를 매칭.
Main Purpose 문제: 선택지는 구체 사례 대신, 지문 전체를 포괄하는 중립적 진술을 고르세요.